Power production
Electricity and Liquids have many interactions and can be incredibly difficult to learn- this page documents several important components of electricity production. It is divided up into different topics that are important to keep in mind.
Steam power optimal ratios
Each Steam engine needs roughly 1.31 Boilers when running at full capacity.
One offshore pump can satisfy 14 Boilers and 10 steam engines. 13 boilers will work, but this tends to have issues recovering after coal shortages or other accidents.
Each 10 steam engines need 2.5 electric mining drills when running at full capacity. This is calculated as follows: mining drills produce 0.525 coal/second. Coal contains 8 MJ of energy, and boilers are 50% efficient, so every mining drill generates 2.1 MJ/second in the boilers. To reach 5.1 MW you need 5.1/2.1 = about 2.5 mining drills.
See also
Hot liquids in tanks
To equalize the needed throughput (different needs of energy between day and night for example), hot water from boilers can also be stored in storage tanks and used by extra steam engines during peak times or during night (if solar is in place). This energy storage technique can be used instead of or in addition to accumulators. Hot liquids stored in tanks will never cool down.
See about storing of hot liquids for examples on how to use this feature.
Solar Panels/Accumulators
Optimal ratio
The optimal ratio is 0.84 (21:25) accumulators per solar panel, and 23.8 solar panels per megawatt required by your factory (this ratio accounts for solar panels needed to charge the accumulators).
A "close enough" ratio is 20:24:1 accumulators to solar panels to megawatts required (for example, a factory requiring 10 MW can be approximately entirely powered, day and night, by 200 accumulators and 240 solar panels - this approximation differs from optimal only in that it calls for 2 extra solar panels, which is negligible).
This is taken from Accumulator / Solar Panel Ratio (which calculates this in an impressive mathematical way!) and another post in that thread (which calculates the solar panel to megawatt ratio in a different way).
File:28x28 accumulator solar panel example.jpg A medium 28x28 blueprint with a nearly optimal ratio. |
File:48x48 accumulator solar panel example.jpg A large 48x48 blueprint with a nearly optimal ratio. It also contains a roboport in the center to repair itself and automatically construct adjacent blueprint copies. |
Calculations
The optimal ratio of accumulators per solar panel relies on many values in the game. These include the power generation of a solar panel, the energy storage of an accumulator, the length of a day, and the length of a night. There are also times between day and night called dusk and dawn which complicate the calculations. In vanilla factorio, without mods which change any of these values, the optimal ratio will be the same. This ratio is
Accumulators / Solar_panels =
(day + dawn) * (night + dawn * (day + dawn) / game_day) / game_day
* Solar_power / Accumulator_energy
which, given the default time lengths of: day = 17500/60 s; dawn or dusk = 5000/60 s; night = 2500/60 s, and the default: Solar_power = 60 kW; Accumulator_energy = 5 MJ = 5000 kJ, gives the optimal ratio of 0.84 accumulators per solar panel. If the player uses mods which change the power generation of solar panels, or the energy storage of accumulators, but not the length of days, a simplified version of this equation can be used.
Accumulators / Solar_panels = 70 s * Solar_power / Accumulator_energy
This equation could also be used to remember the vanilla optimal ratio given its simplicity. If the only effect the mod has on the game is it changes the total length of one day, without changing the ratio of dusk : day : dawn : night, then the equation can be simplified as
Accumulators / Solar_panels = 0.002016 /s * game_day
where game_day is the number of seconds in the game day which is 25000/60 s by default.
See also
- http://www.factorioforums.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=5168
- http://www.factorioforums.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=5394
- http://www.factorioforums.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=7619
- http://www.factorioforums.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=1865
Ensuring enough energy is produced
Try this checklist before you completely revamp your power source. You may also use this to rectify negative feedback loops.
- Did you connect the steam engine to the Electric network? If not, a small yellow triangle will flash. To fix, Add some power poles near the steam engines that go to machines needing that power. Any size will work.
- Is hot water able to reach all steam engines?
- Do your pipes have water? Look at the glass windows in the pipes, hover over the pipes! Place some pipes or a tank at the end to see if there is really water coming through. If not, ensure all pipes or underground pipes are connected together.
- Do you have enough Boilers? The water temperature should reach 100 degrees. One of your burners should be reserve (not much used, no lights in the burner) when you need to restart the energy system.
See also the applied power math tutorial to answer the question how much coal do I need?
Energy Storage
See Basic accumulator.
Energy is available (or storable) from/to:
- Fuel.
- Capacity in the Basic accumulators.
- Hot liquids. They can be created in the Boiler and stored in the Storage Tank. See below.
See Units#Power for info on energy units.
Storing hot water in tanks
A completely filled tank with water at 100 degrees stores 212 Megajoules! This is the equivalent to 42 Basic accumulators, but the tank needs only 3x3 tiles of space. This way you can store much more energy in a much smaller place: 23.5 MJ / Tile vs. 1.2 MJ / Tile
The details are explained in Liquids/Pipe physics. Read more about this: Yet another "Steam engine backup" solution (simple&low tech).
There are several advantages to storing energy in storage tanks vs. storing it in an accumulator:
- You don't need to produce electrical energy first.
- The energy density per tile is much higher than it is with batteries.
- You won't get sudden blackouts when you're out of power. Instead, power goes out gradually as pressure drops.
See also
Types of energy
In factorio, there are two types of energy, Burner, and Electric.
Burner
Burner energy is energy obtained from burning Fuel in a machine, such as a Burner Mining Drill, or Car.
Electric
Electricity is produced by generators, or energy storages when draining. It is an intangible energy that flows through power poles.
Electricity is the only way to transport energy over long distances quickly. Electricity itself doesn't pollute, pollution comes either from burning fuel or consuming electricity. Different amounts of energy consumption yield differing amounts of pollution.
Common sources of electric power are steam engines, Basic accumulators, or solar panels.
The electric priority
Electricity is provided on a priority basis. When a draw for power is created, power will come from these machines, in order: This means,
- Solar panel- These will provide power first, if they do not satisfy the draw:
- Steam engine- Steam engines will start functioning, if the draw is still not satisfied:
- Basic accumulator- Lastly, the energy in accumulators will be consumed.
This works in the opposite way as well: The accumulators are only filled if the demand of all other consumers are fulfilled.
Transmitting energy
Poles
Power poles are used to transmit energy. See Small electric pole, Medium electric pole, and Big electric pole for more info.
Autoplacing poles
It is possible to automatically place poles at maximum distance apart. To do this, left click and hold, then move the mouse or walk. The poles will automatically be placed the optimal distance apart.
This works from a car or train as well, which enables placing the electric poles very quickly over long distances.
Cables (and Wires)
When you place an electric pole it will automatically cable itself to other poles in range. These cables are "free" and do not consume any copper cable. If you remove these cables, you can regenerate them by removing and rebuilding the pole.
You generally don't need to manually add copper wires, because any pole in range will be connected automatically by the free wires. Placing copper wire is only useful when precise control is needed, such as hooking up a power switch between two networks.
Removing cables
Remove all cables from an electric pole by shift-left-clicking it. The pole will become an independent electric network. You can reconnect it to other poles by placing cables manually.
Add cables or wires
A cable or wire can be added by holding Copper cable in your hand, left-clicking the base of one pole, then left-clicking the base of another. Use copper cable for the electric network, or red/green wires for the circuit networks. Note that the wire item is consumed when you make the connection; you will not get it back if you remove the pole's wires, or if you remove the pole itself.